Political Ecology is a multi-disciplinary approach to understanding resource access by different people, the institutions and environmental conditions through which resource access is mediated, and the sorts of environmental change that these systems may create. It also involves an analysis of the political institutions that have a bearing on environmental outcomes. It frames local resource use systems within the 'nests' of processes that help to shape them - e.g. political economy, globalization, gender relations, and historically produced 'narratives'.

Political Ecology has endured as a strong approach - with a basis in the disciplines of geography and anthropology - to understanding livelihood systems and development processes in developing countries (and to lesser, but important extent in developed countries). Practically, it can help understand why development and conservation (as an ideal, or in an actual project setting) fails or succeeds, or why environmental degradation results.

The class will provide graduate students with a critical understanding of the institutions that regulate the interactions between society and the natural environment, at the local, national, and international levels. We are also concerned with how these relationships are perceived and understood through 'discourses' in particular development contexts. Firstly, a range of explanatory frameworks that sit under the heading of political ecology are introduced. Secondly, using a political ecology framework, we critically analyze a number of resource management institutions that are reconstituting human-environment relationships and promoting particular forms of 'environmental governance'.  This year I hope to include some topical sessions on the south-west and water issues. We ask how these different institutions, and the politics surrounding them, impose constraints upon, and present opportunities for, the promotion of sustainable and equitable development.

The class is a seminar format. Suggested topics for each week are shown below. Each week will be led by a small group of students, followed by general discussion. Needless to say, it is essential that everyone come well-prepared for discussions.

Assignments: The major assignment for this class (70%) is to prepare a paper relevant to the themes of the class and to your own graduate studies. This could be an advanced critique of political ecology; or an application of the approach to an empirical question or to a case study. An engagement with political ecology is required: restricting this to the 'third world' is not. Papers should be newly prepared for this class. Papers may be developed in two stages. An outline of the paper and suggested readings should be prepared and submitted by week 8. This allows for guidance on your early ideas . The finished paper should be submitted by 4 Dec, with a maximum suggested length of 4000 words. Any excellent papers may be considered for publication in the only journal dedicated explicitly to this field, the Journal of Political Ecology (eds Park, Greenberg, Batterbury), produced at UofA and available online at  http://www.library.arizona.edu/ej/jpe/jpeweb.html.

Also, 30% of your grade is for class participation. This is in two parts,

• the first being conventional participation (!),  graded according to the quality of contributions to seminar discussion.

• Secondly, to respect the seminar format and to allow everyone a chance to speak, groups of 2/3 students will present for 10 minutes on the major themes to emerge from the readings for each week. This means reading and digesting the required readings, and dipping into the others as well to present the class with some initial comments and points for discussion. See Preparing an oral presentation - http://www.kumc.edu/SAH/OTEd/jradel/Preparing_talks/TalkStrt.html)

Readings and website: I will make every effort to copy at least the required readings (box in Geography office). We also have a class website where copies of scanned Electronic Reserve articles may be placed. If you cannot find an article, this may be because it is available electronically via SABIO, which you should all be familiar with.

Timetable (provisional).

Relevant Journals
Capitalism, Nature, Socialism  (library or ask Simon)

Journal of Political Ecology http://www.library.arizona.edu/ej/jpe/jpeweb.html, (eds. Batterbury, Greenberg, Park)

Cultural and Political Ecology Newsletter ( http://www.u.arizona.edu/~batterbu/cesg/letter.html) ed. Batterbury

Journal of Human Ecology (SABIO),

Human Ecology Review, (back issues online)

Environmental Politics,

Development and Change (SABIO)

Society & Natural Resources (SABIO)

World Development (Sabio)

28 Aug   Introduction
Adams, WM. 2001. Green Development. London: Routledge  (problematizes development concepts)

Bassett TJ and Zimmerer K (eds) 2003 Political Ecology: Guilford Press (collection of good readings, but all the individual chapters are all previously published and most therefore available electronically - I can give you a list)

Forsyth, TJ 2002 Critical political ecology. Routledge. ch 1. (elec. reserves)
Peet, R and Watts, M 1996 Liberation Ecologies: Environment, development, social movements. London and New York: Routledge. ch 1- Liberation Ecology: development, sustainability, and environment in an age of market triumphalism' (reviewed - http://www.u.arizona.edu/~batterbu/cesg/cen30.html#BOOK) (2nd issue forthcoming)

Robbins, P. 2004. Introduction to Poltiical Ecology. Blackwell.

Sachs, W. 1999 Planet dialectics : explorations in environment and development. London, Zed (SB/library -

4 Sept Interdisiplinary frameworks and methods


Adams, WM, 2001. ch 10. Green Development. Routedge.
Beck, Ulrich, 1995. Ecological Problems in an Age of Risk. Cambridge: Polity Press. (important, esp. if working in western settings)
Blaikie, P 1995 'Changing Environments or Changing Views? A Political Ecology for Developing Countries', Geography pp 203-214
Castree. Noel 2003 Environmental issues: relational ontologies and hybrid politics. Progress in Human Geography, Volume 27, Number 2 , pp. 203-211 (review, SABIO)

Chambers, R. 1997 Whose Reality Counts? Putting the first last. London: Intermediate Technology Publications
Eden, S. 1998.  Environmental Issues:  Knowledge, Uncertainty and the Environment.  Progress in Human Geography, vol. 22(3), pp. 425-432.

ESRC GEC programme. 2000. Risky choices, soft disasters. http://www.gecko.ac.uk/doc-a/index.html
Fischer, F and Hajer, M.A. (eds.) 1999 Living with nature: environmental politics as cultural discourse. New York: Oxford University Press
James Keeley and Ian Scoones 1999 Understanding Environmental Policy Processes: A Review IDS Working Papers - 89 http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids/bookshop/wp/wp89.pdf

James Keeley and Ian Scoones 2003 Understanding Environmental Policy Processes - cases from Africa. Earthscan. Introductory chapter available online at http://www.earthscan.co.uk/samplechapters/1853839752Intro.htm

Keeley, J. and Scoones, I. 2000 Environmental Policymaking in Zimbabwe: Discourses, science and politics. IDS Working paper 116. http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids/bookshop/wp.html
Jackson C 2002 Disciplining Gender? World Development (use sabio)
Jasanoff, S and Wynne, B 1998 'Science and decision-making', in Rayner, S and Malone, E Human Choice and Climate Change Vol.1 The Societal Framework. Columbus, Ohio: The Battelle Press
Mehta, L. et al 1999 Exploring Understandings of Institutions and Uncertainty: New directions in natural resource management. IDS Discussion Paper 373. http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids/publicat/dp/dp372.pdf
Loomis, T.M. 2000 Indigenous Populations and Sustainable Development: Building on indigenous approaches to holistic, self-determined development. World Development, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 893-910 (SABIO)
Nightingale, A. 2003. Nature–society and development: social, cultural and ecological change in Nepal, Geoforum Volume 34, Issue 4525-540
O'Riordan, T. 2000 'Environmental science on the move', 1-27 in, O'Riordan, T. (ed.) Environmental Science for Environmental Management. London: Longman (electronic reserves)
Robertson DP and R. B Hull. 2003. Public ecology: an environmental science and policy for global society. Environmental Science and Policy, 6(5): 399-410 (useful reading for envt.scientists) Sabio

Scoones, I. 1999. New Ecology and the Social Sciences: what prospects for a fruitful engagement? Annual Review of Anthropology 28:479-507 (Sabio)
Thompson, M et al. 1986 Uncertainty on a Himalayan Scale. London: Milton Ash Editions [Ch. 1-3] (ereserves)
Thompson, M 1993 'Good Science For Public Policy', Journal of International Development, 5, 6

11 Sept Political ecology
Important foundations
Blaikie, P M 1985 The Political Economy of Soil Erosion. London: Longman [widely considered to be a classic statement of the political ecology perspective]
Blaikie, P M and Brookfield, H 1987 Land Degradation and Society. London. (some on electronic reserves)
Blaikie, P M 1995b 'Understanding Environmental Issues', 1-30 in, Morse, S and Stocking, M (eds) People and Environment. London: UCL Press [for a recent outline of Blaikie's view] (electronic reserves)
Blaikie, P M 1989 'Explanation and policy in land degradation and rehabilitation', Land Degradation and Rehabilitation, 1, 1 pp 23-28 

Blaikie, P. 1999 "A Review of Political Ecology: Issues, Epistemology and analytical narratives." Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsgeographie 43 (3-4): 131-147. (ereserves)
Durham WH Political Ecology and environmental destruction in latin America
Greenberg & Park. 1994. Political Ecology. Journal of Political Ecology. http://www.library.arizona.edu/ej/jpe/vol1~1.htm

Cultural ecology critiques - see some of the classic geographers http://www.u.arizona.edu/~batterbu/cesg/Netting.html

11 Sept and 18 Sept New thinking in PE
Batterbury, SPJ & Bebbington, AJ 1999 Environmental Histories, Access to Resources, and Landscape Change: an introduction. Land Degradation and Development 10 (4) 279-290 (whole special issue on Sabio  )
Blaikie, P 1995 'Changing Environments or Changing Views? A Political Ecology for Developing Countries', Geography 1995 pp 203-214 (e reserves)
Blaikie, P. 1999 "A Review of Political Ecology: Issues, Epistemology and analytical narratives." Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsgeographie 43 (3?4): 131?147. (ereserves)

Blaikie, P., 2001.  “Social Nature, and Environmental Policy in the South:  Views from Verandah and Veld”, in Castree, N., Braun, B. (eds), Social Nature:  Theory, Practice and Politics, pp. 133-150.  Oxford:  Blackwell Publishers, Ltd(sb)

Bryant, R L and Bailey, S 1997 Third World Political Ecology. London and New York: Routledge
Bryant RL 1998 Power Knowledge and Political Ecology: a review, Progress in Physical Geography Vol 22 pp 79-94 (sabio)
BRYANT, R.L. (1997) Beyond the impasse: the power of political ecology in Third World environmental research, Area 29, 1-15 (elec.reserves)

Escobar, A. 1999a. "After Nature: Steps to an Anti-essentialist Political Ecology."  Current Anthropology 40 (1): 1-30  (See Batterbury, S.P.J  and J.L. Fernando. 2004. Arturo Escobar. In P. Hubbard, R. Kitchin and G. Valentine  (eds.) Key contemporary theorists on space and place. London: Sage. - in specialreserves)

Katz, C. 2000 Fueling war: a political ecology of poverty and deforestation in Sudan. 321-329 In Schroeder and Broch-Due, eds. Producing Nature and Povery in Africa. Uppsala. (ereserves)
Martinez-Alier, J ; Guha, R 1999 Political Ecology, the Environmentalism of the poor, and the global movement for environmental justice Kurswechsel 3/99 (sb?)
Moore, D 1996 'Marxism, Culture and Political Ecology: environmental struggles in Zimbabwe's Eastern Highlands', in Peet, R and Watts, M, eds., Liberation Ecologies: environment, development, social movements. London and New York: Routledge. (and other chapters)
McGuire TR. 1997 The Last Northern Cod J Political Ecology 4 http://www.library.arizona.edu/ej/jpe/volume_4/7MCGUIRE.PDF(combining cultural and political ecology)
Paulson S, LL Gezon, M Watts.2003. Locating the political in political ecology: An introduction. Human Organization 62 (3) 205-217 (sabio, special issue)

Robbins P 2003 Political ecology in political geography . Political geography. 22 (6) 641-645 (short comment)

Stott, P. and Sullivan, S. (eds) 2000. Political Ecology: Science, Myth and Power. Edward Arnold, London (British collection - slightly different approach to mainstream geogs. & anthros).
Vayda, A and B Walters. Against Political Ecology. Human Ecology, 27:1.1999. (famous but much too hasty critique on 'political ecologists' - ignores most branches of political ecology, however. on Sabio)
Watts, M, Middleton N & Blaikie, P 1997 Classics in Human Geography revisited - the "Political Economy of Soil erosion" Progress in Human Geography Vol 21:1 pp 75-80 (sabio - original book in library)
Watts M, et al 2001 Classics in Human Geography revisited - Silent Violence. Progress in Human Geography (2001) (sabio - I have the original monster book if you wish)
Watts M 2000 Political Ecology, in T.Barnes and E.Sheppard (eds ) A Companion to Economic Geography, Oxford, Blackwell.(not yet found)
Watts, M and McCarthy, J 1997 'Nature as artifice, nature as artifact: development, environment and modernity in the late twentieth century', in, Lee, R and Wills, J (eds) Geographies of Economies. London: Arnold (addresses North American issues)

Some recent PE Case studies
Bassett T 1988 "The Political Ecology of Peasant-Herder Conflicts in Northern Ivory Coast, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 78 (3), 78 (3): pp. 453-472.
Bryant, R L. 1997 The political ecology of forestry in Burma, 1824-1994. London : Hurst & Company,
Elliot JA. & M Campbell 2002. The environmental imprints and complexes of social dynamics in rural Africa: cases from Zimbabwe and Ghana. Geoforum (forthcoming - use SABIO, Geoforum forthcoming articles)
 Emanuel Robert M.and James B. Greenberg 2000 Lluvia Enojada-Tyoo Kuasi': The Political Ecology of Forest Extraction in the Sierra Chatina, Oaxaca, Mexico J of Political Ecology 7  http://www.library.arizona.edu/ej/jpe/volume_7/Greenberg00.pdf
Gezon, LL 1997 Political ecology and conflict in ankarana, Madagascar, Ethnology 36 2 85-100 (ereserves)

Grossman, L 1998 The political ecology of bananas : contract farming, peasants, and agrarian change in the eastern Caribbean Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina (review- http://www.u.arizona.edu/~batterbu/cesg/cen35.html)

Jansen K. 1998. Political Ecology, Mountain Agriculture, and Knowledge in Honduras. Amsterdam: Thela Publishers, 288 pp. (Review http://www.library.arizona.edu/ej/jpe/volume_6/paolissovol6.htm)
Lewis, M W c1992 Wagering the Land: ritual, capital and environmental degradation in the Cordillera of Northern Luzon. Berkeley etc: University of California Press
Schroeder Richard A. 1999 Shady Practices: Agroforestry and Gender Politics in The Gambia, Berkeley: University of California Press (reviewed - http://dizzy.library.arizona.edu/ej/jpe/volume_8/1011hamilton.html)
Woodgate, G 1994 'Local environmental knowledge, agricultural development and livelihood sustainability in Mexico', in, Redclift, M and Sage, C, eds., Strategies for Sustainable Development: local agendas for the southern hemisphere. Chichester, etc: John Wiley

25 Sept   Livelihoods (just a start)
DFID's website and clearinghouse - Livelihoods Connect  http://www.livelihoods.org/

Agrawal, A. and Sivaramakrishnan, K. (eds.) 2000 Agrarian environments : resources, representations, and rule in India. Durham, NC : Duke University Press.
Batterbury, S.P.J. 2001.  Landscapes of diversity: a local political ecology of livelihood diversification in south-western Niger. Ecumene 8 (4): 437-464. (sabio, jounal now called Cultural Geographies)
Batterbury, SPJ & T.Forsyth. 1999. "Fighting Back: human adaptations in marginal environments" Environment 41(6) 6-11, 25-30. (library - Sabio/catchword - or via my webpage)
Bebbington AJ and Batterbury, SPJ 2001. Transnational livelihoods and landscapes. Ecumene 8(4) 369-492 (sabio)
Bebbington, A. 1999 Capitals and Capabilities: A framework for analyzing peasant viability, rural livelihoods and poverty. World Development, Vo. 27, No. 12, pp. 2021-2044. (sabio)

Bebbington, A.J. 2000. Re-encountering Development: Livelihood Transitions and Place Transformations in the Andes. Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 90 (3) 495-520. (sabio) [ a classic]
Bernstein, H & Woodhouse, P. 2002. Telling Environmental Change Like it is. Reflections on a study in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Agrarian Change 1,2,283-324. (the only substantial critique of Leach/Scoones/Mearns et al) (SB)
Berry, S 1993 No Condition Is Permanent: The Social Dynamics of Agrarian Change in Sub-Saharan Africa. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press [chapter 3] 
Brock, Karen  1999 Implementing a Sustainable Livelihoods Framework for Policy Directed Research: Reflections From Practice in Mali IDS Working Papers - 90 http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids/bookshop/wp.html
Brown K Lapayade S. 2001. A livelihood from the forest. (Cameroon) J Int Dev 13  1131-1149 (sabio)
Bryceson, D, C Kay & J Mooij. 2000. (eds) Disappearing Peasantries? Rural labour in Africa, Asia and Latin America. London: IT Press. (see various chapters) (SB)

Bryceson, D.H.  (1999)  African rural labour, income diversification and livelihood approaches: a long term development perspective, Review of African Political Economy 80: 171-189.

 Bryceson, D.F. & Jamal, V. 1997. Farewell to farms: de-agrarianisation and employment in Africa. Aldershot: Ashgate Press.

Bryceson, D.F.. & Bank, L. 2001 End of an Era: Africa’s development policy parallax. Journal of Contemporary African Studies 19(1) 5-23 (library)
Carney, D. 1998.(ed) Sustainable Rural Livelihoods - what contribution can we make? London : DFID. (sb)
Fabio de Castro,David G McGrath.2003 Moving toward sustainability in the local management of floodplain lake fisheries in the Brazilian Amazon Human Organization. Vol. 62, Iss. 2; p. 123  (sabio)
Ellis F. 1998 Survey Article: Household Strategies and Rural Livelihood Diversification The Journal of Development Studies 35 (1): 1-38
Ellis F. 1999 The Determinants of Rural Livelihood Diversification in Developing Countries. Journal of Agricultural Economics
Ellis, F. 2000. Rural livelihoods and diversity in developing countries. Oxford University Press.
Fox, J. 1996 How Does Civil Society Thicken? The political construction of social capital in rural Mexico. World Development, Vol. 24, No. 6,pp. 1089-1103 (sabio)
Francis, L. 2000. Making a Living: Changing Livelihoods in Rural Africa. Routledge. (good but misses north and west Africa, disappointingly)

Fratkin E, Robin Mearns. 2003 Sustainability and pastoral livelihoods: Lessons from East African Maasai and Mongolia  Human Organization.  62, 2; p. 112 (sabio)

K.Homewood (ed) 2002 Rural resources and local livelihoods in Africa. James Currey. (the "UCL" approach)

Jones S. and G. Carswell (eds.) 2004 Contemporary perspectives on rural livelihoods, environment and NRM: An Earthscan Reader
Little, P. D. Smith K, Cellarius BA. D. L Coppock, C Barrett 2001 Avoiding Disaster: Diversification and Risk Management among East African Herders. Development and Change 32, 3 401 - 433 (sabio)

McCabe JT 2003 Sustainability and livelihood diversification among the Maasai of Northern Tanzania Human Organization.62, 2; p. 100 (sabio)

Murray, Colin. (various, on South Africa)
Ribot J. 1998. Theorizing Access: Forest profits along Senegal`s charcoal commodity chain. Dev & Change 29 307-341 (sabio/ereserves)
Scoones I 1998 Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: A Framework for Analysis IDS Working Papers - 72 http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids/bookshop/wp.html
Tiffen, M, Mortimore, M and Gichuki, F 1994 More People, Less Erosion: Environmental Recovery in Kenya. London: John Wiley (A classic. Reversed common neo-Malthusian thinking) 

Warren A, Batterbury SPJ, Osbahr H. 2001. Sustainability and Sahelian Soils: evidence from Niger. The Geographical Journal 167 4 324-341 (ereserves or Simon's web page)
Woodhouse, P et al Sustainability Indicators for Natural Resource Management & Policy . working papers. http://les.man.ac.uk/ses/research/CAFRE/indicators/wpapers.htm

Sustainable Livelihoods in Southern Africa  2003 - many papers on line  http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids/env/slsa

2 Oct Deconstructing environmental 'narratives'
Adger, Neil, Tor A. Benjaminsen, Katrina Brown, et al 2001 Advancing a Political Ecology of Global Environmental Discourses. Development and Change 32 4 (sabio) draft - http://www.uea.ac.uk/env/cserge/publications/wp/gec/gec2000_10.pdf
Bassett, T & Zueli, K.B. 2000. Environmental Discourses and the Ivorian Savanna. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 90(1) 67-95 (sabio)

Batterbury SPJ and JL Fernando. 2004. Arturo Escobar. In Hubbard P et al Key Cotemporary thinkers on space and place. London: Sage. (private reserves)
Batterbury, SPJ & Warren, A. 2001. "Desertification". in N Smelser & P Baltes (eds.) The International Encyclopaedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences. Elsevier Press ( http://www.u.arizona.edu/ic/polis/courses015/INDV_103-001/desertificationarticle.html)
Bernstein, H & Woodhouse, P. 2002. Telling Environmental Change Like it is. Reflections on a study in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Agrarian Change 1,2, 283-324. (the only substantial critique of Leach/Scoones/Mearns et al) (SB)

Braun, B. 2002: The intemperate rainforest: nature, culture and power on Canada’s west coast. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. (various reviews available on-line)

Braun B. and Castree, N. editors, 1999 Remaking reality. London: Routledge. (some useful chapters on the social constructionist perspective - explained in Demeritt's chapter)

Bridge, G. and P. McManus (2000) Sticks and Stones: Environmental Narratives and Discursive Regulation in the Forestry and Mining Industries. Antipode 32(1):10-47 (sabio)

R. Cline-Cole and C. Madge (eds.) 2001. Contesting Forestry: West African Processes, Relations, and Outcomes, Ashgate
Carney LA, Robert A. Voeks.2003 Landscape legacies of the African diaspora in Brazil. Progress in Human Geography, Volume 27, Number 2, pp. 139-152,

Demeritt, D. 1994: The nature of metaphors in cultural geography and environmental history. Progress in Human Geography 18, 163–85

Escobar, A. 1999 After Nature: Steps to an Anti-essentialist Political Ecology.  Current Anthropology 40 (1): 1-30 (sabio)

Escobar, A. 1998 Whose Knowledge, Whose Nature? Biodiversity, Conservation, and the Political Ecology of Social Movements. Journal of Political Ecology http://www.library.arizona.edu/ej/jpe/vol5~1.htm

Forsyth, TJ, 2002. Critical Political Ecology. Routledge. ch 2.

Escobar A 1996 in Peet, R and Watts, M 1996 Liberation Ecologies: Environment, development, social movements. London and New York: Routledge

Fairhead J and Melissa Leach. 1995. "False forest history, complicit social analysis: rethinking some West African environmental narratives." World Development. 23(6):1023-1035 (sabio)
Hannigan, J 1995  Environmental Sociology: A Social Constructionist Perspective. London and New York: Routledge Ch. 2, pp. 32-57,
Hvalkof S and A Escobar. 1998. Nature, Political Ecology and Social practice: toward and academic and political agenda. IN Goodman AH and Leatherman TL. Building a New Biocultural Synthesis: political-economic perspectives on human biology. Michigan University Press. 425-450 (e reserves)
Leach, M and Mearns, R (eds) 1996 The Lie of the Land: challenging received wisdom in African environmental change and policy. Oxford: James Currey (Elec. Reserves and mailroom box) any chapter.
Leach M & Fairhead J 2000 Fashioned Pasts, Occluded Histories? International Environmental Analysis in West African Locales. Development & Change 31 35-59 (SABIO)
Development and Change journal, Special Issue on Forests (January 2000)

Proctor, J. D., 2001.  Solid Rock and Shifting Sands, in Castree, N., Braun, B. (eds), Social Nature:  Theory, Practice and Politics, pp. 225-240.  Oxford:  Blackwell Publishers, Ltd. (SB)
Raffles, Hugh . 1999. "Local Theory: Nature and the Making of the Amazonian Place." Cultural Anthropology 14(3):323-360.
Robbins, P. 1998. "Paper Forests: Imagining and Deploying Exogenous Ecologies in Arid India" Geoforum 29(1): 69-89 (SABIO)
Robbins, P. 2001 Fixed Categories in a Portable Landscape: The causes and consequences of land cover categorization. Environment and Planning A, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 161-179  (sabio)
Robbins, P. 2001 Schizophrenic Forestry: Producing the landscape of the highlands. Antipode, (Questions objectivity of satellite imagery, etc. for assessing land use) (sabio)

Robbins. 2001. "Tracking Invasive Land Covers in India or Why Our Landscapes Have Never Been Modern." Annals of the Association of American Geographers . 2001. 91(4): 637-654 (sabio)

Roe, E M 1995 'Postscript' to Special Section on Development Narratives,  World Development, 23, 6 (Sabio)
Stott,P & S Sullivan. (eds) 2000. Political Ecology: Science, Myth and Power. Edward Arnold, London (intro chapter and Sullivan)
Stott, Philip 1999 Tropical rain forest : a political ecology of hegemonic mythmaking London: IEA, 1999 [deliberately provocative writing by an errant scientist - compare with Fairhead & Leach .]  download whole book from http://www.iea.org.uk/record.jsp?type=publication&ID=2
Watts, M and McCarthy, J 1997 'Nature as artifice, nature as artifact: development, environment and modernity in the late twentieth century', in, Lee, R and Wills, J (eds) Geographies of Economies. London: Arnold
 

9 Oct Resource conflicts  / corporate misdeeds

Bridge, G. (2000) The Social Regulation of Resource Access and Environmental Impact: cases from the U.S. Copper Industry. Geoforum 31(2): 237-256 (sabio)

leBillon, P. 2001. The Political Ecology of War: Natural Resources and Armed Conflicts, Political Geography 20(5),  561-584. http://www.geog.ubc.ca/~lebillon/ecowar.pdf

leBillon, P. 2000. The Political Ecology of Transition in Cambodia 1989-1999: War, Peace and Forest Exploitation, Development and Change 31(4), 2000, 785-805. http://www.geog.ubc.ca/~lebillon/cambodia.pdf

Buckles, D. ed. 1999. Cultivating peace. Conflict and collaboration in natural resource management. Canada; IDRC. (useful local case studies)

Dalby, Simon 2002 Conflict, Ecology and the Politics of Environmental Security. Global Environmental Politics, Vol. 2 (4), p125-131(sabio) [review essay]

Dietz Tom 2001 Thinking about environmental conflicts. In Lisa M. Kadous (ed.). Celebrating Scholarship. Fairfax, Virginia: George Mason University. http://www.dietzkalof.org/Thinking_about_environmental_conflict.pdf

Dundon, Alison. 2002. Mines and Monsters: A Dialogue on Development in Western Province, Papua New Guinea. The Australian Journal of Anthropology, 2002 13(20): 139-154

Emel J, Kreuger R 2003 Spoken but not heard: the promise of the precautionary principle for natural resource development. Local Environment Vol. 8 Issue 1, p9, 17p (sabio) [mining in Montana]

Gedicks, Al. 2001. Foreword, Introduction: A World out of Balance and Chapter 1: Scouring the Globe, in Resources Rebels: Native Challenges to Mining and Oil Corporations. Cambridge, Massachusetts: South End Press, pp. vi-40

Gezon, LL 1997 Political ecology and conflict in ankarana, Madagascar, Ethnology 36 2 85-100 (e reserves)

Hvalkof, Soren. 2000. Outrage in Rubber and Oil: Extractivism, Indigenous Peoples and Justice in the Upper Amazon, in Charles Zerner (ed), People, Plants and Justice: The Politics of Nature Conservation New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 83-116

Peluso N and Watts MJ.  2001. Violent environments.  In Peluso N and Watts MJ. (eds) Violent Environments. Cornell University Press. (see other studies in this book, some mentioned in this section)

Ranjan, S. Ravi. 2001. Toward a Metaphysic of Environmental Violence: The Case of the Bhopal Gas Disaster, in Nancy Lee Peluso and Michael Watts (eds) Violent Environments. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp. 380-398. preprint http://people.ucsc.edu/~srrajan/download/Rajan_VE.pdf

Robbins P 2000. The Rotten Institution: Corruption in Natural Resource Management Political Geography. 19(4): 423-443. (sabio)

Sponsel, Leslie E. 1997. The Master Thief: Gold Mining and Mercury Contamination in the Amazon, in Barbara Johnston (ed) Life and Death Matters: Human Rights and the Environment at the End of the Millenium. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press, pp. 99-127

Unruh JD, Nikolas C. Heynen and Peter Hossler 2003/4 The political ecology of recovery from armed conflict: the case of landmines in Mozambique, Political geography fc (interesting GRD UofA grad!)

Watts MJ 2001. Petro-violence: community, extraction and political ecology of a mythic community. In Peluso N and Watts MJ. (eds) Violent Environments. Cornell University Press. (ereserves)

Watson, E , Richard Black, Elizabeth Harrison 1999 Reconstruction of natural resource management institutions in post-conflict situations: a framework for analysis. Marena project, Sussex. http://www.geog.sussex.ac.uk/research/development/marena/pdf/wp1.pdf

www.crisisstates.com a project I was involved with at LSE - case study working papers from Colombia, S Africa, India and elsewhere. Tries to understand the political-economic roots of conflict and violence, paerticulalry at state level.

Some references on business activity

Bryant, R & Bailey, S. 1997. Business. Pp103-129 in Bryant, R & Bailey, S. Third World Political Ecology. Routledge.

Harris Gleckman, 1995. `Transnational Corporations' Strategic Responses to "Sustainable Development"', in Helge Ole Bergesen and Georg Parmann (eds),  Green Globe Yearbook (1995)(Oxford: Oxford University Press,), pp. 93-106

Peter Schwartz et al, `Modifying the Mandate of Existing Institutions: Corporations', in Irving M. Mintzer (ed.),  Confronting Climate Change: Risks, Implications and Responses (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 281-91

Thomas Andersson, 1991. `Multinational Firms and Pollution in Developing Countries', in Carl Folke and Tomas Kaberger (eds.), Linking the Natural Environment and the Economy (London: Kluwer,), pp. 237-52.

Bruno K, Joshua Karliner and China Brotsky 1999 Greenhouse Gangsters vs. Climate Justice. Transnational Resource & Action Center, San Francisco  http://www.corpwatch.org/trac/climate/climatereport.html

Cairncross, F. 1995 ‘Business Opportunities and the Environment’, in Green, Inc. London: Earthscan,pp. 189-99.

ESRC GEC programme. 2000. Producing greener, consuming smarter.  http://www.gecko.ac.uk/doc-c/index.html

Matthias Finger and James Kilcoyne, 1997. ‘Why Transnational Corporations are Organizing to “Save the Global Environment” The Ecologist (Vol. 27, No. 4, July/August), pp. 138-42

Rhys A. David (ed.), The Greening of Business (Aldershot: Gower, 1991).

Eden, S 1994. `Using Sustainable Development: The Business Case', Global Environmental Change (Vol. 4, No. 2, June), pp. 160-67.

Gray, R.H.  1994 `Corporate Reporting for Sustainable Development: Accounting for Sustainability in 2000 AD', Environmental Values (Vol. 3, No. 1, Spring), pp. 17-45.

Korten, David C. 1996. When Corporations Rule the World . London: Earthscan.  [a good read]

Leonard, Jeffrey H. 1988. Pollution and the Struggle for the World Product: Multinational Corporations, Environment, and International Comparative Advantage (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,).

Lovins, L H , Paul Hawken and A B Lovins 1999. Natural Capitalism: The Next Industrial Revolution. Earthscan.

Pearson, CS 1985. Down to Business: Multinational Corporations, the Environment and Development (Washington, DC: World Resources Institute Study 2, January).

Smith D (ed.), 1993. Business and the Environment: Implications of the New Environmentalism (London: Paul Chapman,).

Richard Welford and Richard Starkey (eds), 1996. The Earthscan Reader in Business and the Environment (London: Earthscan,).

 corporate watch - http://www.corpwatch.org/

15 October Political ecology  of  international development

Adams, W.M. (2002) Green Development: environment and sustainability, Routledge, London (second edition) (SB has copy, also library)

Arce, A and Long, N. (eds) 1999. Anthropology, Development and Modernities;  Exploring Discourse, Counter-Tendencies and Violence. London: Routledge.

Batterbury, SPJ. 1998. "Local Environmental Management, Land Degradation and the 'Gestion des Terroirs' Approach in West Africa; policies & pitfalls". Journal of International Development 10:871-898 (SB/sabio/ereserves)

Batterbury, S.P.J. 2004. The International Institute for Environment and Development: notes on a small office. Global Environmental Change. April. (not political ecology, but I though I would throw it in)

Edmunds, D. and Wollenberg, E. 2001 A Strategic Approach to Multistakeholder Negotiations. Development and Change, Vol. 32, No. 2., pp. 231-253 (sabio)

Klooster, D. 1999. Community Based Forestry in Mexico: Can it Reverse Processes of Forest Degradation? Land Degradation & Development 10(4) 365-382 [Special issue edited by Batterbury & Bebbington] (Sabio via journal homepage)

Moore Sally Falk. 2001 The international production of authoritative knowledge. Ethnography 2(2) 161-190 [a very good one - discussed in Watts, deals with how environmental knowledge gets imbricated with agencies and the state in W Africa) (sabio)

Sachs, W. 1999 Planet dialectics : explorations in environment and development. London, Zed (SB/library - problematizes development concepts)

Watts MJ 2002 Alternative modern - development as cultural geography. In Handbook of Cultural Geography, ed Anderson K et al. Sage. (Watts has a vast repertoire of such articles)

new material: Order and Disjuncture conference, http://www.soas.ac.uk/departments/departmentinfo.cfm?navid=463

see paper by Rossi and any case study that interests you.

On sustainable development: (this is just a start)

Adams, WM. 2001. Green Development. Routledge (ch. 4 - Sustainable Development - the Rio machine  ch5)
Agyeman, J and Evans, B. (eds) 2003 Just Sustainabilities. Earthscan.

Auty, R., and K.Brown, 1997, (eds) Approaches to Sustainable Development, Pinter, London
Bartelmus, P. 1994 Environment, Growth and Development: The Concepts and Strategies of Sustainability. London: Routledge
Daly, Herman E.  1991. Steady-State Economics, Second Edition (Washington, DC: Island Press,), Chapter 13: `Sustainable Development: From Concept and Theory Toward Operational Principles', pp. 241-60
Dobson A 1996 Environmental Sustainabilities: An Analysis and a Typology. Environmental Politics, Vol 5 No 3,, pp.401-428.
Fernando, JL. 2003. Rethinking Sustainable Development. Special issue of the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. nov. (see Jude)

Lafferty, WM & Langhelle, O (eds) 1999 Towards Sustainable Development: On the goals of development – and the conditions of sustainability (London: McMillan).
Lele, Sharachchandra M. 1991 Sustainable Development: A Critical Review,  World Development (Vol. 19, No. 6, June), pp. 607-21
Middleton N, O'Keefe P. 2001. Redefining Sustainable Development. London: Pluto Press. (e reserves - chapters there)
O’Riordan, T. 2000. 'The sustainability debate'.Chapter 2, pp 29-62 in O’Riordan, T. Ed. Environmental Science for Environmental Management. Prentice Hall.
Redclift, M. 1992. `The Meaning of Sustainable Development',  Geoforum (Vol. 23, No. 3), pp. 395-403.
Redclift, M. 1992. `Sustainable Development and Popular Participation: A Framework for Analysis', in Dharam Ghai and Jessica M. Vivian (eds.), Grassroots Environmental Action: People Participation in Sustainable Development (London: Routledge), pp. 23-49.

Sneddon, C.S. 2000 “Sustainability” in Ecological Economics, Ecology and Livelihoods: A Review, Progress in Human Geography (Vol. 24, no. 4), pp. 521-549. (sabio)
Stone, P. 2003. Special journal issue - Is sustainability for development anthropologists? Human Organization.  Vol. 62, Iss. 2;  pg. 93 (sabio)

Wapner, Paul.2003. World Summit on Sustainable Development: Toward a Post-Jo'burg Environmentalism.  Global Environmental Politics, 3 (1) 1-10 (sabio)

Worster, D. 1993. The Shaky Ground of Sustainability. In Sachs, W. Global Ecology. London: Zed. 

(ii) UNCED (Rio conference) and after:

Adams, WM 2001 Green Development . London: Routledge
W. N Adger, TA. Benjaminsen, K Brown, et al 2001 Advancing a Political Ecology of Global Environmental Discourses. Development and Change 32 4 (sabio) http://www.uea.ac.uk/env/cserge/publications/wp/gec/gec2000_10.pdf